The elbow joint is a complex anatomical structure that plays a central role in upper-extremity function, providing both stability and mobility necessary for positioning the hand in space. Composed of the ulnohumeral, radiocapitellar, and proximal radioulnar articulations, the elbow achieves its functional capacity through the combined contribution of bony congruence, capsuloligamentous structures, and dynamic muscle forces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomy and biomechanics of the elbow joint based on current evidence. The osseous anatomy section describes the distal humerus, ulna, and radius, emphasizing their three-dimensional orientation and articulating surfaces. The capsuloligamentous section examines the medial and lateral collateral ligament complexes and their roles in valgus, varus, and posterolateral rotatory stability. The biomechanics section discusses the principles of flexion-extension and pronation-supination, the dynamic and static stabilizers contributing to elbow stability, and the influence of forearm rotation on joint kinematics. Additionally, the distribution of loads across the elbow during functional activities and its clinical relevance is highlighted. By summarizing foundational biomechanical concepts, this review aims to provide clinicians with a scientific framework that supports decision-making in trauma management, sports injuries, and reconstructive elbow surgery.