Achilles tendon disorders are common causes of pain and functional limitation, particularly in athletes and physically active individuals. Achilles tendinopathy is usually classified as insertional or non-insertional, and subtypes such as tendinitis, tendinosis, and paratendinitis influence diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. The etiology is multifactorial and mainly related to repetitive mechanical loading, biomechanical abnormalities, and systemic factors such as age, obesity, and metabolic disease. Detailed history and physical examination are essential, while radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging help to assess structural changes. Haglund syndrome, characterized by posterosuperior calcaneal prominence, retrocalcaneal bursitis, and often insertional Achilles tendinopathy, is a frequent cause of posterior heel pain. First-line treatment is conservative and includes load modification, footwear and activity adjustment, eccentric exercise programs, and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in selected cases. Surgical options, such as open or endoscopic debridement and calcaneoplasty, are reserved for chronic, treatment-resistant patients.