Medial knee structures, particularly the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and posterior oblique ligament (POL), are critical for maintaining knee stability against valgus and rotational forces. Isolated MCL injuries can often be successfully treated conservatively, while combined injuries involving the POL or cruciate ligaments, high-grade tears, and certain specific cases require surgical intervention. Surgical approaches include direct repair, capsular plication, augmentation, and anatomical reconstruction techniques. Modern methods effectively restore valgus and rotational stability by recreating the anatomical and functional structure of the superficial MCL, deep MCL, and POL. When supported by accurate diagnosis and classification, comprehensive physical examination, and radiological imaging, treatment planning becomes more reliable, and the return-tosport time and long-term functional outcomes are optimized. Furthermore, understanding the biomechanics of the medial knee and its relationship with accompanying structures increases the success of surgical strategies and reduces the risk of complications. This approach contributes significantly to maintaining performance in athletes and to the long-term health of the knee, allowing for more effective management of both short- and long-term rehabilitation processes.