The reliability and validity of medical research depend on selecting an appropriate study design and collecting data in a systematic manner. This review aims to provide an overview of the key components of the research process, particularly focusing on study design and data collection methods. Clearly defining the research question, determining an appropriate sample size, and using valid and reliable data collection tools directly affect the scientific value of the study. The article explains the main types of study designs, including observational, interventional, and methodological approaches, highlighting their strengths and limitations. It also addresses high-level evidence studies such as systematic reviews and meta-analyses, including their planning and reporting standards. The accuracy of the data collection process is discussed with examples of recording both numerical and categorical variables. Ethical responsibilities such as obtaining informed consent, receiving ethics committee approval, and ensuring participant confidentiality must not be overlooked during data collection. These elements not only improve the overall quality of the research but also enhance its potential for publication and scientific impact. In line with evidence-based medicine, this review serves as a foundational resource for healthcare professionals and researchers new to clinical research, providing a deeper understanding of research methods.